# Haskell Tutorial [Haskell](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/websites/web-development/what-is-haskell/ "What is Haskell?") plays a special role among functional programming languages. Since the release of the first version in 1990, Haskell has been considered a **quasi-standard** for languages that follow the functional [programming paradigm](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/websites/web-development/programming-paradigms/ "Programming paradigms"). It is no coincidence that many other functional languages model themselves after Haskell. Initially, learning this programming language can quickly lead to frustration, mainly because the **concepts behind functional programming** take a lot of getting used to for inexperienced users. However, once the initial obstacles have been overcome, even beginners can successfully dive into the world of Haskell programming. In the following Haskell tutorial, we will provide you with **simple** step-by-step instructions on how to install this functional programming language and how programming with Haskell works. ## How to install and start using Haskell As is the case with many other programming languages, you have a variety of options for preparing your system to work with Haskell. **GHCi** is the most common solution for those looking to learn Haskell and to be able to easily program with the language. It is a ready-to-use **interactive development environment** that comes bundled together in a package with the [Glasgow Haskell Compiler](https://www.haskell.org/ghc/ "Official homepage of Glasgow Haskell Compilers (GHC)"). In addition to the compiler, you also need the Haskell libraries, which in turn require **building software** such as [Cabal](https://www.haskell.org/cabal/ "Develop applications and libraries with Cabal") or [Stack](https://docs.haskellstack.org/en/stable/README/ "Haskell development software Stack"). --- ### Note The combination of the Haskell Compiler and corresponding development software is also referred to as the **Haskell Platform**. --- To ensure as smooth a start as possible, install the complete Haskell Platform. Ready-to-use **installation files for Windows, macOS** and various **Linux** distributions are available to download (with installation instructions) free of charge. You can find these on the [official Haskell project website](https://www.haskell.org/platform/ "haskell.org"). [![Image: Haskell tutorial: installation files on the Haskell website ](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/_processed_/2/e/csm_DE-haskell-tutorial-1_bd677df9a8.webp "Haskell tutorial: installation files on the Haskell website ")](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/DigitalGuide/Screenshots_2020/DE-haskell-tutorial-1.png) Installing Haskell components on Windows requires the Chocolatey package manager designed for Windows. In Linux systems, you can also choose the installation path via the **package manager**. If you are an Ubuntu or Debian user, type the following **command** in the console: ```none sudo apt-get install haskell-platform ``` Once the installation is complete, you should be able to **launch** the interactive development environment at any time by entering the command '**ghci'** in your system’s command line window. In Windows, this is done via [PowerShell](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/server/know-how/windows-powershell/ "Windows PowerShell") which is also recommended for installation. --- ### Note You should keep in mind that the **Haskell Platform versions in the package managers** are not always up to date. In some cases, it may be necessary to update the installation files. --- ## Learning Haskell: understanding the basic data types Haskell is a purely functional programming language which makes it much more interactive and intelligent than other programming languages. Data types such as **numbers, strings (characters),** and **Boolean values (logical values)** are already predefined in Haskell or are at least intelligently broken down using computer memory. ### Numbers in Haskell Haskell is capable of recognising natural numbers. This means that you do not have to define in the Haskell code when an **input** is a **number**. Once the development environment has been launched, you can simply perform calculations using the usual operators, such as plus (+) and minus (-) signs. As an example, type in '2+2' and confirm the input by hitting the Enter key: ```none Prelude> 2+2 ``` Haskell will then display the **result** of this mathematical calculation: 4. [![Image: Windows PowerShell: Haskell tutorial example ](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/_processed_/d/9/csm_DE-haskell-tutorial-2_171e682fc3.webp "Windows PowerShell: Haskell tutorial example ")](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/DigitalGuide/Screenshots_2020/DE-haskell-tutorial-2.png) To launch the ghci development environment, simply type 'ghci' in your system’s command-line window and confirm the input by hitting Enter. ### Letters in Haskell Haskell can also recognise letters which we demonstrate below using an example. First, we enter the option ':t' in the command line. This tells the command line to output what data type it is after confirming the command. This option needs to be followed by a space. Then, enter any letter **in single or double quotation marks** and confirm the input by hitting Enter: ```none Prelude>:t "a" ``` In this case, the resulting output should be “**\[Char\]**” which stands for character. [![Image: Learning Haskell: output when using letters ](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/_processed_/e/a/csm_DE-haskell-tutorial-3_dab276bb28.webp "Learning Haskell: output when using letters ")](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/DigitalGuide/Screenshots_2020/DE-haskell-tutorial-3.png) Haskell output with entered letter in Windows PowerShell ### Character strings in Haskell Haskell can also recognize character strings without problems. These are better known as simply “strings” in programming speak. Once again, no specific syntax is required. All you need to do is **enter the string in double quotation marks**. The following is an example of what the code would look like and consists of a string with both letters and numbers: ```none Prelude>:t "12345abcde" ``` By using the option ':t', Haskell will output what the data type is. Just like the example using the single letter, the command line will display '\[Char\]'. [![Image: Haskell tutorial: string input in ghci (Windows PowerShell) ](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/_processed_/3/1/csm_DE-haskell-tutorial-4_2b149dd2cd.webp "Haskell tutorial: string input in ghci (Windows PowerShell) ")](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/DigitalGuide/Screenshots_2020/DE-haskell-tutorial-4.png) The example string in the Haskell tutorial is recognized by Haskell as a character input. ## Learning Haskell: introduction to the most important operators As previously mentioned in the section on numbers, you can use the typical **mathematical operators** (e.g. addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication) in Haskell without trouble. You can also use the sequence or range operator to easily list sequences of values. --- ### Note The web development environment [Online Haskell Compiler](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/compile_haskell_online.php?external-link-window) was used to execute and display the following code snippets in this Haskell tutorial. --- ### Addition in Haskell The addition operator for adding two or more values together is also expressed in Haskell using the traditional **plus sign** (+). In the following example of code, which we will place in the file ***main.hs***, we will use the expression '**let'** to define two variables ('var1' and 'var2') which are to be added together. Then, we will use the expression '**putStrLn'** to tell the command line to present the result in the form of a **written message**: ```none main = do let var1 = 2 let var2 = 3 putStrLn "The two numbers add up to:" print(var1 + var2) ``` In the above-mentioned online tool, the **input** (left-hand window) and **output** (right-hand window) will look like this: [![Image: Haskell example: adding together two values ](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/_processed_/c/e/csm_DE-haskell-tutorial-5_cd337dd8a9.webp "Haskell example: adding together two values ")](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/DigitalGuide/Screenshots_2020/DE-haskell-tutorial-5.png) If you learn Haskell, you will not have to worry about mathematical operators. This functional programming language recognises the common characters used like the plus sign. ### Subtraction in Haskell If you want to tell Haskell to subtract one number from another, use the traditional subtraction operator which is expressed using the minus sign (-). The following example of code is basically the same as the previous example used for the section on addition. We just have to replace the operator and slightly modify the output message: ```none main = do let var1 = 2 let var2 = 3 putStrLn "The result of subtracting one number from the other is:" print(var1 - var2) ``` [![Image: Learning Haskell: subtracting two number variables ](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/_processed_/8/6/csm_DE-haskell-tutorial-6_f19db2705d.webp "Learning Haskell: subtracting two number variables ")](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/DigitalGuide/Screenshots_2020/DE-haskell-tutorial-6.png) If you want to perform an addition or subtraction in Haskell with more than two values, which is not shown in our Haskell tutorial examples, this is also possible. --- ### Note Haskell also uses the typical characters for its **division** and **multiplication** operators. You can tell Haskell to divide numbers using a slash (/) or to multiply them using an asterisk (\*). --- ### Listing values in Haskell The sequence operator is a special operator in Haskell. It allows you to easily **declare a list with a sequence of values**. It is expressed by '**\[..\]'**. For example, if you want Haskell to display all numbers from 1 to 10, you can use the input '\[1..10\]' to define this number range. The same applies to letters. For example, you can enter '\[a..z\]' to tell Haskell to output the full alphabet. The following is a simple example demonstrating how to use the sequence operator: ```none main :: IO() main = do print [1..10] ``` [![Image: Haskell example: sequence operator ](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/_processed_/0/6/csm_DE-haskell-tutorial-7_5aa4613393.webp "Haskell example: sequence operator ")](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/DigitalGuide/Screenshots_2020/DE-haskell-tutorial-7.png) Using the sequence operator, you can easily output full sequences of values in Haskell. ## How to declare and define functions in Haskell Haskell is a purely functional programming language. So, it is no big surprise that functions play an important role when programming in Haskell. As is the case with other languages, Haskell has its own way of **declaring** and **defining functions**. --- ### Note **Declaring** a function tells the compiler that a specific function exists. This also indicates which parameters are to be expected and what the output should look like. When you **define** a function, this is the actual inclusion of the function in the code. --- The following example of code will show you how functions work in Haskell: ```none add :: Integer -> Integer -> Integer --function declaration add x y = x + y --function definition main = do putStrLn "The sum of the two numbers is:" print(add 3 5) --calling a function ``` In the first line of code, the function is declared – all three values of the function (input and output) are integers. In the second line, the function is defined: the two arguments 'x' and 'y' are to be added together. Using the previously mentioned '**main' method**, the code is compiled and the result of the function is output for the two input values '3' and '5'. [![Image: Learning Haskell: declaring and defining a function ](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/_processed_/6/9/csm_DE-haskell-tutorial-8_538ea10e5e.webp "Learning Haskell: declaring and defining a function ")](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/DigitalGuide/Screenshots_2020/DE-haskell-tutorial-8.png) Haskell tutorial: declaring, defining, and calling a function in the Online Haskell Compiler. The following YouTube tutorial for beginners provides a deeper look into working with functions in Haskell: ## Additional tips for learning and programming with Haskell Haskell is a very popular language which is why a wide range of support is available for it including online manuals, tutorials, and support forums. We recommend checking out the **YouTube tutorial series '**[Haskell for Imperative Programmers](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLe7Ei6viL6jGp1Rfu0dil1JH1SHk9bgDV "YouTube tutorial series “Haskell for Imperative Programmers“")' by Philipp Hagenlocher which covers the most important components of this functional programming language in over **30 videos on a variety of subjects**. The [community section on the official Haskell homepage](https://www.haskell.org/community/ "haskell.org: community") provides a comprehensive overview of additional support resources you can find online. If you prefer print materials, you will certainly get your money’s worth from John Whitington’s **book '**[Haskell from the very beginning](https://www.haskellfromtheverybeginning.com/ "Official website of “Haskell from the very beginning“")'. If you use the interactive development environment ghci, you can also **view a complete list of the commands available** at any time while learning Haskell. All you need to do is type the following command in the command line and confirm the input by hitting the Enter key: ```none Prelude>:? ``` [![Image: Haskell tutorial: overview of ghci commands ](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/_processed_/5/6/csm_DE-haskell-tutorial-9_4dca38c27d.webp "Haskell tutorial: overview of ghci commands ")](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/fileadmin/DigitalGuide/Screenshots_2020/DE-haskell-tutorial-9.png) Calling up the list of commands can make it much easier for you to use the interactive Haskell development environment ghci. This is a markdown version of: [https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/websites/web-development/haskell-tutorial/](https://www.ionos.co.uk/digitalguide/websites/web-development/haskell-tutorial/) for AI/LLM consumption.