The patent: pro­tect­ing valuable ideas

What do a computer mouse, a seat belt, and a Playmobil figure have in common? The creators applied for a patent for all these in­ven­tions. This protected their product from being imitated and enabled them to reap the fruits of their labour.

Patents influence the in­nov­a­tion rate and are therefore an important factor for a country’s economic growth. In the UK, the UK In­tel­lec­tu­al Property Office (IPO) is re­spons­ible for granting patents for pro­tect­ing in­ven­tions and for re­gis­ter­ing trade­marks. A UK patent isn’t an automatic right, so you have to ensure you apply for it to the IPO.

2017 was an es­pe­cially important year for the UK since it marked the 400^th an­niversary of the first ever British patent being granted.

In 1852, the Patent Law Amendment Act created the Patent Office. The com­mis­sions had to print and publish the records of English patents for any in­ven­tions granted patents before 1852. In order to carry out this task suc­cess­fully, they had to refer to a series of docket books that went as far back as 1617, which listed all the grants that had been made under the Great Seal. The earliest patent register, known as GB1, was granted on 2^nd March 1617 to Rapburne and Burges of London and was to do with a pro­duc­tion of a map of London.

From October 1852 onwards, British patents covered the whole of the United Kingdom and were printed and published regularly each week in the form of a pamphlet. Each document names the patentee and contains a technical de­scrip­tion of the invention, sometimes even with il­lus­tra­tions.

In some countries, different kinds of patents exist. In the USA, patents are divided into three types: utility patents, design patents, and plant patents, but in the UK, patents only apply to in­ven­tions since designs have to be protected through un­re­gistered design rights or re­gistered designs. An invention is typically an apparatus, a product, a man­u­fac­tur­ing process, etc.

Patents are ter­rit­ori­al rights, meaning that if you apply and are granted one in the UK, then it will only be valid there. If you decided to sell your invention overseas, you may need to get patent pro­tec­tion according to the other country’s rules.

You can’t just get anything patented in the UK. The process is costly and lengthy so make sure patenting your invention is worth it. Also make sure it falls into one of these cat­egor­ies:

• Your invention is a new component or in­nov­at­ive product e.g. a new type of Tup­per­ware that stops produce from spoiling as quickly.
• Your invention is a new apparatus or equipment used in an in­dus­tri­al process e.g. a new kind of tool for cutting tough material.
• Your invention is an in­dus­tri­al process or a way of man­u­fac­tur­ing something e.g. a new way to shape metal.

Your invention cannot fall into the excluded category, which includes works of art, math­em­at­ic­al methods, sci­entif­ic theories, and the present­a­tion of in­form­a­tion.

In order to apply for a patent, you need to make sure that your invention hasn’t been published by someone else before you. You also can’t have told anyone about it until your ap­plic­a­tion is filed with the UK In­tel­lec­tu­al Property Office.

You can either do it yourself or authorise a patent agent to file it for you. These agents are qualified people who are familiar with the IPO and know how the ap­plic­a­tion process works. You can send your ap­plic­a­tion by post, fax, deliver it by hand, or apply online to the UK In­tel­lec­tu­al Property Office.

Your ap­plic­a­tion to the UK In­tel­lec­tu­al Property Office must contain your name and address, a request for a patent, and a de­scrip­tion of your invention (with il­lus­tra­tions if possible). The UK ap­plic­a­tion fee costs between £230 and £280 and you have a year to make the payment.

The IPO will send you a receipt once it has received your request and has given it a filing date. Now you are free to use your invention without having to worry about messing up your chances of receiving the patent.

After you’ve filed, you can spend the first year simply de­vel­op­ing your idea further. After a year, you are obliged to file:

• Claims defining the pro­tec­tion you are seeking. These are very important since you can only sue a com­pet­it­or if they produce exactly what is described in the claims.
• An abstract giving a short summary of the invention.
• A request for a search with a fee.

The IPO will then conduct a search to find documents showing in­ven­tions similar to yours and then issue a search report listing anything they have found from around the world that might show that your invention is nothing new. By doing this, you can find out quite quickly whether a patent looks likely or not for you.

18 months after filing, the patent ap­plic­a­tion will be auto­mat­ic­ally published so anyone can look at it. Within the next six months, you have to pay a further fee and request an ex­am­in­a­tion. The UK In­tel­lec­tu­al Property Office might write to you in this time to explain that your invention isn’t new or inventive. You then have a certain amount of time to convince them otherwise (usually by changing the de­scrip­tion).

If the IPO does give your invention the green light, your patent will be granted. This will be published in the IPO’s Official Journal and they will send you a cer­ti­fic­ate.

For more detailed in­form­a­tion, check out the article on how to register a patent.

Now that you have patented your invention, it makes sense to refer to it in your product lit­er­at­ure so that others are aware of it. However, if you notice that someone is using your invention without your per­mis­sion (this is known as in­fringe­ment), you can get an in­junc­tion to stop them and claim damages (com­pens­a­tion). The UK In­tel­lec­tu­al Property Office handles cases like these or you can go to the High Court or the Patents County Court.

In the amount of time between filing your patent and receiving your patent, you are not able to sue other for using your invention, but once your patent is granted, it might be possible to claim damages ret­ro­spect­ively.

In the last decade, the number of patent ap­plic­a­tions has stayed re­l­at­ively the same. According to GOV.UK, 22,256 ap­plic­a­tions were filed in 2011 and 7,173 of these were granted. In 2017, 22,072 ap­plic­a­tions were filed, and 6,311 were granted.

Please note the legal dis­claim­er relating to this article