What is a TIFF file?

When you save an image, you have multiple options in terms of the graphic file format you want to select. On the web and for sending image files, the JPG, PNG, and GIF formats are the most common. However, the standard format for high-res­ol­u­tion photos and print data is TIFF, an in­ter­na­tion­ally stand­ard­ised format. The current version, TIFF 6, dates to 1992 and has remained tech­nic­ally unchanged for over 20 years. This article looks at the file format that’s hidden behind this ab­bre­vi­ation.

TIFF is a versatile and flexible raster image format. Companies like Microsoft, Aldus Cor­por­a­tion, and Hewlett Packard developed it in 1986 to stand­ard­ise image exchange. Today, TIFF is the standard format for ras­ter­ised pho­to­graphs and for trans­mit­ting print data. In a TIFF file, any objects, including vector and text in­form­a­tion, are stored as raster data. An alpha channel allows in­di­vidu­al pixels to be trans­par­ent in addition to storing colour in­form­a­tion.

A TIFF file supports grayscale as well as RBG, CMYK, and LAB colour space. The format allows a colour depth of up to 16 bits per colour channel and is therefore ideal for data exchange during a RAW con­ver­sion.

The ab­bre­vi­ation TIFF, or more rarely TIF, stands for ‘Tagged Image File Format’. This des­ig­na­tion indicates the structure of a TIFF file: In essence, the file consists of data fields that are tagged to hold com­pre­hens­ive meta data.

While the so-called baseline tags are always present (for example, for the image width or the colour depth), the extension tags are optional (for example, for the software name). GeoTIFF is a special format which contains in­form­a­tion about the GPS position and co­ordin­ates exactly where the image was taken. The GeoTIFF format is used for map images or aerial images, among others.

These tags form the basis of the com­plex­ity of TIFF files. Not every program can read all tags correctly, es­pe­cially the extension tags. In some cases, this leads to an incorrect display. It should also be noted that not every program can read the LAB colour space. To coun­ter­act this problem, so-called baseline TIFFs are used, which contain a maximum of twelve tags with limited values.

Unlike the JPG file format, the com­pres­sion and de­com­pres­sion of a TIFF file is mostly lossless. This reduces the file size without neg­at­ively affecting the original quality of the image.

Because of this property, TIFFs are suitable for archiving and printing high-res­ol­u­tion images and graphics. Another advantage of the file format is its platform in­de­pend­ence, which makes it suitable for file exchange – re­gard­less of the operating system being used. The Windows and Mac operating systems both have built-in software to open TIFF files. However, to edit a TIFF file, it’s usually necessary to convert the image to another format first.

Lossless com­pres­sion also results in larger data sizes than other graphic formats. However, on the web, short loading times are of great im­port­ance to achieve a positive user ex­per­i­ence and ul­ti­mately a com­pet­it­ive Google ranking. In the cloud space, storage space usage is also an important factor in selecting the ap­pro­pri­ate file format.

While the size of a TIFF file is limited to a maximum of four gigabytes, other file formats are still preferred in the web space. The as­so­ci­ated loss of quality and lower res­ol­u­tions are hardly visible online and are accepted in favour of the file size. To provide high-res­ol­u­tion images in printable quality, the TIFF format is also used on the Internet.

As one of the safest image formats out there, TIFF is very much suited for sensitive image material since in­form­a­tion can be read without needing to open it. In addition, TIFF prevents the use of links that may transmit personal data. For example, it’s not possible for a TIFF file to make the location of the IP address ac­cess­ible.

The following table looks at the ad­vant­ages and dis­ad­vant­ages of a TIFF file.

The most common graphic formats are JPG, PNG, GIF, and TIFF. The table below compares the most important prop­er­ties of these formats.